Morphological reviews

I obtained mature specimen peels maintained regarding STRoentgenIBC (Letter =67), the new Western Art gallery of Sheer Records (AMNH, Letter =25), and also the You Federal Museum bird collection (USNM, N = 10) off Costa Rica, Panama, and you will Colombia for every away from around three phenotypic faculties: i) dorsal plumage, ii) ventral plumage, and you may iii) facial shield ornamentation. Following the , MJM, Sel-, and up to three other observers (come across Most document step 1: Table S1) scored for every single bird on their own to your a scale of 0 – step 1, in which 0 portrayed a good phenotypically sheer Jacana spinosa, and you can step one illustrated a great phenotypically absolute Jacana jacana (predicated on contrasting having skins of outside the get in touch with zone), therefore averaged the fresh ratings for each and every characteristic just like the phenotypic hybrid index for every specimen . Specimens that have phenotypic crossbreed indices below 0.ten had been categorized just like the “pure” spinosa, whenever you are a list away from 0.ninety or maybe more try scored due to the fact “pure” jacana. A rating ranging from 0.ten and you will 0.25 is actually classified because the “spinosa-like”, whereas an index ranging from 0.75 and 0.ninety are classified since “jacana-like”. Specimens with indices ranging from 0.25 and you may 0.75 was indeed categorized given that “hybrids”.

Genetic studies

I sequenced an excellent 652 legs couple fragment of your own mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI: the newest DNA barcode fragment) from 59 Panamanian jacanas, in addition to a couple specimens out of eastern Honduras provided for our very own studies of the J. Klicka therefore the Marjorie Barrick Museum. I chose this gene for taking advantage of established succession study into Genbank having jacanas out of diverse geographic countries, that have been and additionally set in new dataset (N = 10). Lab actions follow standard strategies which have been explained in other places . We attempted but were unable to produce succession investigation of toe pad extractions in the Smith and you can Emlen variety of specimens.

The COI investigation were utilized to help you guess brand new hereditary distinctiveness regarding the 2 jacana variety and infer the full time off speciation between J. spinosa and you can J. jacana, and assess the training to which topography limitations gene move into the jacanas (we.age. isolation-by-distance). I made median-signing up for circle in the PopART . We put Mega to help you assess an average distance by using the HKY brand of molecular progression so you can examine divergence when you look at the jacanas some other avian variety which genetic point could have been determined using the HKY design .

I checked towards effectation of geographical range toward hereditary distinctions (we.age., isolation by the distance) thru a great Mantel take to adopted throughout the program Alleles in space , and therefore compares hereditary and geographic distances one of some body rather than communities. For J. spinosa and you may J. jacana mtDNA series set, i synchronised uncorrected pairwise succession divergence which have pairwise geographical length to own most of the you are able to pairs. Importance of this new relationship is influenced by contrasting brand new observed correlation so you’re able to haphazard correlations predicated on 10,one hundred thousand permutations.

To help you match the latest mtDNA-oriented analyses off hereditary introgression along the jacana crossbreed zone, i sequenced one or two autosomal introns (gapdh 11: , and 10551: ) having STRIBC specimens collected across the Panama. According to a short research regarding succession adaptation off several trials away from each geographical endpoint Usbekistani Kvinners kontaktannonser (outside the hybrid zone) in our testing structure, we recognized just one nucleotide polymorphism each intron: gapdh step 3- anti-experience updates 136 (cytosine-thymine: C-T changeover), and you will 10551 reputation 153 (adenine-guanine: A-G transition). Positions is actually according to aligned sequences of each intron toward J. spinosa shot MJM8238 (Genbank accessions: gapdh: KM891734, 10551: KM891735).

Cline figure analyses

We estimated the shape of the phenotypic and genotypic clines using ClineFit , which applies the cline fitting formulas developed by Szymura and Barton . The shape of a cline is determined by three formulas. The first formula (1) defines a symmetric S-shaped curve around the center of the hybrid zone, and relies on two parameters: c – for the center of the curve, and w – which is 1/maximum slope of the cline, and represents the cline width. Two additional formulae define the cline tails (2,3) and add four additional parameters: z _L and z _R , which represent the distance from c to a vertical asymptote for the exponential decay of allele frequencies to the left and right sides of the hybrid zone, while ? _L and ? _R define the rates of this exponential decay relative to the shape of the central cline (1).