dos.2 Complications with current research

Because the dowry are lawfully banned within the India and Bangladesh, people usually hesitate to inform you right dowry wide variety. The standard question on dowry about Indian dataset requires from the community-mainly based dowry. Such as for example, this new India Peoples Invention Survey asks “Basically in your community getting a family group such as for instance your very own, which are the types of issues that are supplied because presents at the time of brand new daughter’s relationship?” A residential district-dependent dowry is not the just like a single dowry, which is paid off by bride’s moms and dads in the course of relationship. As an alternative, the question of dowry lets only a digital answer, we.age., in the event an optimistic level of dowry are paid down (elizabeth.grams., Survey into the Reputation of women and you can Virility in both Asia and you can Pakistan). A digital respond to, however, will not give much additional information. Typical out of whether or not a positive dowry count is offered matches to help you, that will be mostly told me of the, ethnic, spiritual, and you may status experiences within the Southern China.

Just like the dowry is not lawfully blocked in the Pakistan, the total amount in person repaid because of the feminine respondent’s mothers are expected instead of reservation for the an effective Pakistani dataset such as the Pakistan Outlying Family Survey. Even when Pakistani interviewees may not purposefully cover real information on dowry techniques, the survey can get however have bear in mind mistakes while the participants need to keep in mind the fresh new dowry count paid back by the their moms and dads in the past. Shape 1a plots the brand new forecast amount of actual dowry thinking counted during the Pakistani Rupees into the 2004 on to marriage 12 months having fun with studies regarding the fresh Pakistan Rural Home Questionnaire. Because the consensus is that actual dowry number try broadening, or at least showcase a non-decreasing development, the shape indicates all round inclination off recall mistakes. In other words, the newest prolonged new pit between your interviewees’ relationships therefore the find Canadisk kvinder online bear in mind day, the more likely he or she is so you’re able to overestimate the brand new dowry number.

Matchmaking anywhere between ladies’ ounts. The brand new range shows the fresh predicted real quantity of dowry regressed on the women’s matrimony 12 months. Brand new shady area shows 95% trust interval of predicted quantity of dowry. The info sourced elements of (a) and you may (b) is actually Pakistan Rural Domestic Questionnaire 2004, as well as the rural house survey used by creator during the 2013, respectively

3 Analysis

To your best of our very own degree, research amassed within this studies certainly are the very first to adopt clearly a broad habit of overestimate a cost paid back lengthy back. Much like the services out-of in the past compiled analysis, ours also are retrospective; however, centered on this tendency, i for example implemented specific services to reduce survey recall mistakes. Particularly, we wanted the amount of each other community-founded dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry amount paid off during the time of the newest respondent’s marriage (retrospective). Once the Pakistani dowry contains silver/precious jewelry, gowns, seats, cooking equipment, and stuff like that, i queried dowry number because of the item. When we felt an effective respondent’s overestimation of your own dowry amount, particularly in the truth away from a wedding you to happened an excellent while before, since dowry try displayed, we could and you may performed look at this type of quantity having individuals who attended the fresh ceremony. Thus, our research into predict real amounts of dowry (Fig. 1b) don’t inform you any coming down trend, however having those individuals reported within the Fig. 1a.

step 3.step one Questionnaire

When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).